Eliots Preludes and Ginsbergs Sunflower Sutra Essay Example

Eliots Preludes and Ginsbergs Sunflower Sutra Paper What are the mall themes of T. S. Elites Preludes? What aspects of the poem would you identify as modernist techniques? What does Elites poem express about the condition of the human subject in early twentieth-century modernity? You need to substantiate your essay on a close reading and critical analysis of the poem. T. S Elites Preludes is a prominent modernist poem that vividly reflects his opinion about the Impact of World War Xis traumatic experience, questioning at the same time the future of humanity. This poem Is constituted by four images (Preludes), each of hem taken from the urban setting, where the decline of humiliation, peoples alienation and lack of progress are depicted with the greatest detail. Despite this situation, the poet is still hopeful of an alteration that will be feasible only by peoples initiative and not by waiting gods to save society. Firstly, Eliot stigmatize the mess that dominates society after the Great War and describes the misery and poverty that haunts peoples lives. He portrays an Isolated and fragmented world, something that is evident from the grimy scraps, drawn from the general sense of the filthiness and untidiness of the landscape. This feeling of fragmentation is also strengthened by the indirect indication of the presence of people in the first stanza, even though this is not ever stated. In addition, societys deprivation and misery are artistically depicted when Eliot talks about a meaningless and corrupt world that Is constantly characterized by a mechanic routine when he uses the verb revolves, as well as the phrase vacant lots. We will write a custom essay sample on Eliots Preludes and Ginsbergs Sunflower Sutra specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Eliots Preludes and Ginsbergs Sunflower Sutra specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Eliots Preludes and Ginsbergs Sunflower Sutra specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Furthermore. Peoples conduct Is Identical to the whole sense of misery and bitterness, as they are presented malicious and malevolent, and often Rene to sordid actions. Under the pretence of helping, they appear to have a clean conscience by day, in order to conceal their dirty deeds happening at night. The society is completely broken and no one really cares about their fellows, unless the problems are Immediately concerned with their busy and important lives. This Is, also, Elites opinion about society (In a thousand furnished roomsl which Is perfectly reflected on halls rather harsh and cruel statement of a blackened and doomed world that is characterized by lack of vividness and despair. This motif of emptiness keeps people bound to their personal stagnation, something which is apparent from the phrases four and five and six oclock and assured of certain certainties, that Eliot uses to describe societys lack of uniqueness. Finally, when the poet refers to the notion of some Infinitely gentle/leniently suffering thing, he probably Implies a reference duteous, or to any other divine Intervention, In which many people rely In for hope, but this is a rather slight possibility because the margin of salvation is too narrow. In continue, Elites effort to approach the topics described above lead to the invention of a new style of writing that transcended romanticisms obsolete style and inaugurated a new era in the history of literature, which is established by the movement of Modernism. The basic characteristic of that movement, adopted by which is achieved with a variety of means. First of all, he seems to abandon the traditional linear style of writing and through the narrative device of stream of consciousness tries to transfer his characters inner and personal thoughts. He accomplishes his endeavor by the lack of punctuation that uses in the whole poem, and the associative leaps in thought that arise suddenly without the reader having been formerly prepared. In order to strengthen his technique, he uses some very strong images that also serve as metaphors giving an inside point of view of the world he describes. This is evident when he pictures the womans thoughts about her insecurity of her actions in Prelude Ill. In this part, the point of view comes to the second person (the observer addresses a you) and the facilitation is internal, as Eliot rejects the omniscient perspective. This results in a more contrapuntal and multifaceted approach of the plot, where are obvious not only the individual thoughts of one person, but also the voices of different narrators (omniscient, second person, woman, man). In an effort to be one of the most eminent representatives of his kind, Eliot makes here use of the epiphany, which is a moment of a high revelation of a reality. Thus, he moves the experience inwards and makes his readers adopt his own views (sordid images of which your souls was constituted/a thousand furnished moms). Consequently, the time of the poem follows the same pattern because it is both psychological (coming from the inner experience) and symbolic, such as complexly unfolded, moving both backwards and forwards and Juxtaposing events from different times. Concluding with Elites techniques used in this poem, we would like to add the bleak and sometimes terror-filled tone of his language, which is characterized by its multiple meanings and varied connotations. As mentioned above, T. S. Eliot writes poetry in order to criticize the industrialization and liberation of his era, which in combination with the outbreak of the World War I and the increase of capitalism, was heading towards the complete disruption of humanity. Through his own means for revolution, Eliot expresses his views about human beings who seem to be totally unappeasable. He writes about a fully paralyzed and denigrated society that is not only wounded by the trauma of the War, but also by a cultural and humanistic crisis. Serving his debt as a poet, he describes his era as a wasteland of that time and declares his sense of misery for the mankind. Even though he may seem not to believe it, Eliot is slightly optimistic that humanity is able to recover from this big loss and becomes stronger again. Essay Develop and essay discussing how Ginsberg Sunflower Sutra assimilates William Carols Williams representation of America in To Elsie. Allen Ginsberg Sunflower Sutra presents the poets views about the America of his time, under the cloak of devastation and desolation of the current arbitration, arising though certain rays of hope. In this poem, the main motifs of his itemization topics are very similar to the ones introduced by his mentor, William Carols Williams, one of Americas greatest modernist poets, in his poem To Elsie. First of all, it is important to evaluate the facts with great attention and accuracy. The main subject that the two poems through the strict applications of technology and industrialization. In this point, Williams influence upon Ginsberg is so evident that the poet from New Jersey uses exactly the same technique in order to mourn America, through a device that serves metaphorically in the poem and embraces all the weaknesses of the American humanity. This device in Ginsberg is called Sunflower and it is identical to the one Williams use, which in his case is a real person, and especially a girl, called Elsie. Starting from the beginning, in Ginsberg poem, as well as in Williams poem, the title indicates the person (animate or inanimate) to whom the poem is addressed. In Ginsberg case, this person is not actually a person but an object, which becomes the means to show society corruption and pollution. As the Sunflower symbolizes all the abnormality and filthiness of the natural world the same happens with Elsie, ho depicts the cold machinery and growing materialism through certain parts of her body. The picture of society as a wasteland is also strengthened by the description of rotten and isolated valleys and lakes, something that Ginsberg uses too, through the portrayals of rivers covered with a layer of oil that makes life impossible to fish, and other mountain settings. Also, the presence of religious elements is something that accompanies both poets. Ginsberg makes use of the bum (or better known in his poems the holy bum as a prominent Beat figure) Ewing contrasted with the hermit that is a holy figure that lives both in and outside the restraints of modern society. This is perceived indirectly, as happens with Elses personification with Persephone, who was stolen by Pluto and depicts Americas primitive land. Bleak and vulgar language makes its appearance here and gives with the most vivid way the suffering decay. Finally, even though Ginsberg emerges some glimmers of hope and resurrection at the end, Williams is more pessimistic and raw, but both agree about the narcissism of contemporary America and its obsession with communication.

Free Essays on Symbols And Imagery

In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, William Shakespeare brilliantly uses the night as a motif which plays a valuable role in the play. He combines this motif with the related symbols of the play to demonstrate the power of night and its correlation with love and vision. He uses symbolism and imagery to develop the motif and makes extensive use of the night forest which, in part, helps the situation of the four young lovers, one of the main plots of the play. It might seem strange that Shakespeare would choose a forest at night as the main setting for a comedy; the dark forest serves as the center of the play’s world, ousting Athens, a city that was regarded as the center of ancient Greek civilization. The darkness of the night is intensified in the forest; the dark is intense enough for the characters to fear being alone. Helena cries out to Demetrius not to abandon her â€Å"darkling†, or in the dark (Act II, Scene 2, 85). When Lysander abandons Hermia, she is convinced that being alone in the dark could lead her to death: Speak, of all loves; I swoon almost with fear. No? Then I will perceive you are not nigh. Either death or you I’ll find immediately. (Act II, Scene 2, 153-155) The night symbolizes darkness and a state of blindness. It symbolizes mischief and madness, fairies and magic. The night forest provides a setting for dangerous and daring acts such as Hermia and Lysander’s plan to escape Athens. The lovers plan to execute their plan and meet at â€Å"deep midnight† (Act I, Scene 1, 223). The moon, which has been said all throughout the play to affect human behavior, is the only source of light at night which allows the lovers the see each other. Shakespeare associates the moon with love. In the opening scene of the play, Theseus is anxious to get married to Hippolyta. He complains â€Å"four happy days bring in/ Another moon: but O, methinks how slow/ This old moon wanes! She lingers my desires/ Like to a step-dame† (A... Free Essays on Symbols And Imagery Free Essays on Symbols And Imagery In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, William Shakespeare brilliantly uses the night as a motif which plays a valuable role in the play. He combines this motif with the related symbols of the play to demonstrate the power of night and its correlation with love and vision. He uses symbolism and imagery to develop the motif and makes extensive use of the night forest which, in part, helps the situation of the four young lovers, one of the main plots of the play. It might seem strange that Shakespeare would choose a forest at night as the main setting for a comedy; the dark forest serves as the center of the play’s world, ousting Athens, a city that was regarded as the center of ancient Greek civilization. The darkness of the night is intensified in the forest; the dark is intense enough for the characters to fear being alone. Helena cries out to Demetrius not to abandon her â€Å"darkling†, or in the dark (Act II, Scene 2, 85). When Lysander abandons Hermia, she is convinced that being alone in the dark could lead her to death: Speak, of all loves; I swoon almost with fear. No? Then I will perceive you are not nigh. Either death or you I’ll find immediately. (Act II, Scene 2, 153-155) The night symbolizes darkness and a state of blindness. It symbolizes mischief and madness, fairies and magic. The night forest provides a setting for dangerous and daring acts such as Hermia and Lysander’s plan to escape Athens. The lovers plan to execute their plan and meet at â€Å"deep midnight† (Act I, Scene 1, 223). The moon, which has been said all throughout the play to affect human behavior, is the only source of light at night which allows the lovers the see each other. Shakespeare associates the moon with love. In the opening scene of the play, Theseus is anxious to get married to Hippolyta. He complains â€Å"four happy days bring in/ Another moon: but O, methinks how slow/ This old moon wanes! She lingers my desires/ Like to a step-dame† (A...

High Mortality Rate - Bostwana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

High Mortality Rate - Bostwana - Essay Example Geographical location Botswana is a country located in southern Africa. It is a landlocked country as it is surrounded by four countries which hinder its access to large water bodies such as the Atlantic and Indian Ocean. Botswana covers approximately 224,607 square miles. It is located inside the geographical location of the Kalahari Desert. Approximately 73% of the country is a desert as only the eastern portion of the country fall outside Kalahari Desert. The country experiences a semi arid type of climate which consists of warm winters and very hot summers. The topography of Botswana is made up of flat and rolling land. Population The country is scarcely populated because of the large portion covered by the Kalahari Desert. It is made up of a population of 2,003,910 people. The total population of male gender in the country sums up to 1,006,531 while that of the female gender is 997,379. The age structure of the country indicates that the there is low life expectance rate in the nation. Children of age between 0-14 years make up 33.5% of the total population. Young people between the ages of 15-24 years make up 21.9% of the total population. ... Death rate is estimated at 12 per a population of 1000 people. Life expectance in Botswana is highly affected by the high rate of HIV/AIDS infection in the country. The harsh desert conditions have also played a role in the current population radar. Infant mortality is another factor that affects the growth in population of Botswana. The total infant mortality rate in the country is estimated at 10.49 deaths per 1000 live births. The male gender takes the larger potion of infant mortality rate as it is estimated at 11.03 deaths per 1000 live births while the female gender is estimated at 9.94deaths per 1000 births. This analysis shows that the life expectance of Botswana is highly attributed to health practices and health services in the country. AIDS is the major course of death in the country. It was declared a national disaster 2003 after Botswana registered the highest rate of HIV/AIDS victims in Africa. These aspects portray the level of poverty in the country thus leading to po or social amenities and the ability to create public awareness. There are four major ethnic groups that sum ups the total population of Botswana. This include: the Twsana, Kalanga, Basarwa and Kgalagardi. Tswana is the most famous and important tribe in Botswana as it makes 79% of the total population of people in the country. The tribes are rich in culture thus partake cultural activities seriously (Horowitz, 2011). According to the culture of most of the tribes in Botswana, natural home birth is considered the best form of child delivery. This promotes the rate of infant mortality cases in the country as the method is prone to dangerous errors. Child delivery process needs the modern medical facilities to ensure a higher percentage chance of survival for the infant as well as

Internet Banking in Malaysia and Singapore Essay

Internet Banking in Malaysia and Singapore - Essay Example The Companies that understand the benefits of introducing Internet based business techniques are transforming their business processes to Internet based business. This trend has also effected the process of traditional retailing through outlets. There has been a considerable research on the effects of online sale on traditional business methods and consumer behaviour for example (Sindhav and Balazs, 1999; Reardon, 2002). The main aim of the paper is to summarise what has been written so far about on line sale and its impact and to propose a methodological approach in order to conduct a research concerning the Impact of e-commerce security, and national environment on consumer adoption of Internet banking in Malaysia and Singapore. The regression analyses suggested that consumer perceived non-repudiation, trust relative advantage Internet experience and banking needs are the most important factors that affect adoption in Malaysia. While Internet experience and banking needs were found to significantly affect Internet banking adoption in Singapore. Last two decades have seen multi-fold progress in the use of Internet. (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2000; USIC and IITA, 2000). Nua Internet Surveys have reported an increment in the number of Internet users globally, statistics state the users are increased in all regions of the world from 171 million in 1999 to 304 million in March 2000, an increase of 78 percent (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2000; USIC and IITA, 2000). The accessibility of the consumers to different products and services has also been increased. In order to respond to the changing needs of the customers businesses are also applying new techniques to capture a vast market, (Ram et. al., 1999). The advent of Internet has also changed the way of undertaking business. With the increase in the number of users the companies find it cost effective and easy to reach a mass market through Internet as compare to the traditional methods of addressing the customers. Especially in the developed countries the role of Internet has become crucial in designing the business strategy of a company. On the other hand at the consumers side Internet has provide them with an array of products and choices available. The approach of business is also changed. (Zwass, 1996). Through Internet the competition has also increased which put pressure on the manufactures to keep the prices low. Furthermore, the businesses, which are using on line selling approach, do not have to face the geographical constraints; a large no of customers can be addressed with undertaking a single effort (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1999). The advantages attached to the notion of Internet have made it the most important driving force of the business revolution. Like all the other Internet based business processes online shopping is gaining popularity among people due to its characteristics of easy access, 24 hours availability, current Information and price reduction. In the busy world of 21st century the tradition of on line shopping has become necessity. The increase in the importance has also given rise to different challenges, which need to be addressed in an effective manner. The researcher has identified different standards, which should be fulfilled by the businesses in o rder to respond

Debate Between the Needs of Homeland Security and Individual-Privacy Term Paper

Debate Between the Needs of Homeland Security and Individual-Privacy Expectations - Term Paper Example More specifically, the paper will examine the arguments concerning how needs of homeland security conflict with individual privacy expectations. Discussion According to Haulley (2005), the devastating September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks significantly impacted on nations around the world. Following the attacks, the United States government made the safety of the public and nation’s security a top priority. Consequently, the government passed legislation that allowed the police and security forces to have more surveillance powers. Linden (2007) asserts that this saw the introduction of new controls on the verification of identity and physical movements, which monitored movements along borders and airports. For instance, biometrics technology came into being; the introduction of such technology has given rise to debates concerning the need to balance individual liberties and protect the nation against threats from terrorists. As the department of homeland security works hard to ensure that it maintains security within the United States, it faces challenges in addressing issues of privacy. The department has not succeeded in ensuring that the issues concerning privacy are addressed comprehensively and assessed when making programmatic changes (Sauter & Carafano, 2005). Federal agencies working under the department of homeland security have engaged in data mining, which entails analyzing a lot of data to make known hidden relationships. The issue of data mining has faced uncertainty and controversy as it interferes with individual privacy. Department of homeland security does not assess the privacy risks posed by the tools used in data mining (Rabkin, 2005). According to Rabkin (2005), with the inception of the department of homeland security, issues of national security and privacy have become core in the war against terror. Whenever privacy comes in during a debate for national security, issues of whether one should keep their information private and be sa fe from attacks dominate the debate. As such, antiterrorism has set up an unreasonable equation, where people have to choose between the need for security and keep their personal information private. Both issues can be regarded as crucial as the constitution protects against the interference with personal privacy. Therefore, the government should determine the value of privacy and how it ought to be protected. In its efforts to preserve national security, the department of homeland security should not undermine the rights of individuals to keep personal information private. Debates ensue over the privacy challenges, which the department of homeland security faces, especially in reassessing the risks of privacy when changes came into being in developing a prescreening program in airlines (Sauter & Carafano, 2005). The computer-assisted system for prescreening of passengers, also known as Secure Flight, aims at assessing passengers before they board airlines in domestic flights. In su ch an instance, homeland security does not fully disclose how it will use private information. This is contrary to the privacy act of 1974, which states that the use of private information should be fully disclosed (Thaler, 2005). The Department of Homeland Security also faces the issue of making sure that considerations on privacy remain confidential in an environment where the sharing of information has become a norm. The enactment of the Intelligence

Study On Comprehensive Mental Health Nursing Assessment

Study On Comprehensive Mental Health Nursing Assessment A written account of a comprehensive mental health nursing assessment and plan of care for a selected client who has multiple health problems. This account must critically reflect on communication with other agencies and evidence of working with the client and or family in a collaborative manner. Particular attention should be paid to national policies in this area and evidence of best practice. In this assignment it will define and discuss a nursing intervention for a client with a long enduring mental health illness. A systematic approach will be used the nursing process and the role of the mental health nurse will be clearly identified in providing care for the client. The nursing process consists of four stages, the assessment, planning, implementing and evaluation. This problem solving approach will be adopted to structure, organise, and present the nursing intervention. A fully detailed clients profile will be given. The mental health assessment and plan process will also be addressed. The client will be involved in the whole process as far as possible in order to empower him / her, a plan that is person centred and interventions that are evidence based will be displayed in the assignment. In this profile a pseudonym (James) will be used in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council, (NMC, 2002) to maintain confidentiality. The need of the Multi Displinary Team (MDT) for collaboration will be discussed in order to safe guard the patient to share skills and knowledge and to improve the quality of care. James is a 65 year old man with a diagnosis of severely depression and excessive alcohol intake. He was detained under section 3 of the mental health act (1983) at a low secure unit. James was admitted into the unit 12 months ago his index offence being physical assault and attempted suicide through an overdose with his prescribed medication for his depression and insomnia. He shares the house with four other men in the unit. James is potentially active and usually manages his day to day living activities as well as attending day care sessions without much prompting. However, he had recently become very reluctant to attend to his personal hygiene. This became worse when James started going for days without washing or bathing himself. His room was never cleaned hence having a bad odour because of his leg ulcer and he refuses the Tissue Viability Nurse (TV) to change the dressings regularly. Care Programme Approach (1991) which aims to improve the co-ordination of services and collabor ation between the various agencies, carers and service user. The introduction of the CPA in (1991) was to provide shape, coherence to what had often been haphazard, uncoordinated attempts to provide support in the care for people with severe mental illnesses (DOH1991). CPA is a statutory framework within which bio-psycho-social needs assessments is carried out (Norman and Ryrie 2004). This odour was because James would not change allowing the TV nurse to dress his leg ulcer for days. At his previous review meeting, issues around his hygiene had been viewed as hazardous to his health and also the health of staff since there were times when they would have to go into his room now and again. If James had no day care sessions to attend to he would sit and watch television. James also had a fairly huge appetite, he was observed to be frequently asking for more food at meal times. The other factor that proved he had a huge appetite was that he always asked for tea and biscuits several times between meals. This could be seen as poor eating patterns as Henderson (2001) implied that frequent binging is a factor behind poor eating patterns. Concerns about his weight gain had recently been discussed in his review meeting. James had of late become very withdrawn, wanting to be alone all the time. In an interview with him, he expressed how he felt useless and not having any fa ith in himself. He said he felt this was because his peers were looking down upon him because of his poor hygiene. James was referred to our team for five day assessment prior to facilitate discharge. James had a psychosocial assessment by the mental health nurse and the student at the day hospital. Good psychosocial assessments could be therapeutic to the client because it might be their fist time to be able to discuss different aspects of their problems or a particular problem with anyone (Rose and Barnes 2008). The assessment is important in enabling the development of a care plan that is person centred that could stabilise Jamess conditions and endeavour to improve his quality of life. Care plans and working practices should be person centred. The recover model also require a person centred approach so that clients can explore their thoughts, feelings, lives and to discover more accepting sense of self (Repper Perkins 2007). James had a high score of 19 / 21 on the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al 1961 cited by Norman and Ryrie 2007 pg 201,438). However, all self report inventories there is a possibility that clients may exaggerate or under-present symptoms resulting in low score to avoid further interventions (Castillo 2003). In this case the results from the inventory were therefore only be used as a guideline. The Department of Health (DOH 2001) properly targeted assessment and active care management promotes older peoples independence through preventing deterioration and managing crises. It further states that proper assessments may reduce demand for services through assessing need more accurately and by ensuring services remain appropriate to needs, such systematic assessment is also valued by the older people. Standard seven of the National Service Framework (NSF) for older adults advices professionals on treatment of depression and National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2001) focused in the management of Depression NICE. These guidelines set clear proposals of tackling social exclusion, promotion of partnership working of the NHS and Social services, ensuring high standards of care and provision of quicker treatment, safe , sound and supportive services for people who suffer from depression. According to Redfern and Ross (1997) depression in elderly people is often undetected because elderly people will often complain of physical illness and physical aspects of depression rather than the depressed mood itself; moreover, they are not aware that depression is a distinct disorder which is treatable. Norman and Ryrie (2004) further state that most clinicians perceive depression as a normal ageing process and in this context the writer feels that professionals have to be more educated or increase their knowledge in recognising depression in elderly as they are the main gate keepers and misdiagnosed depression is a serious issue as most people will go untreated or undetected. The DOH (2001) could be seen to be in support with above view when they state that under-detection of mental illness in older people is widespread, due to the nature of the symptoms and the fact that many older people live alone. Depression in people aged 65 and over is especially under-diagnosed and this is particularly true of residents in care homes, mental and physical problems can also interact in older people making their overall assessment and management more difficult and mental health problems may be perceived by older people as well as by professionals and their families, as an inevitable consequence of ageing, and not as health problems which will respond to treatment.   These findings call for health professionals to be thorough when working with people with multiple health problems like James. During the assessment it became apparent that James became severely depressed following the death of his wife and losing his family and the family house. He was struggling to cope with loosing his house and moving into a residential home. He expressed feelings of loneliness and that he missed his family and neighbours. Depression in older people is under detected and under treated due to the ageists misconception of thinking its normal in this group. Symptoms displayed reflected that James was feeling depressed as according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10) 1992 the key symptoms of depression are depressed mood, loss of enjoyment or interest, lack of concentration, disturbed sleep, ideas of self harm or suicide. James had made frequent remarks of ending his life but could not further elaborate on how he intends to do this when asked by staff. This is recognised as a serious risk, it is difficulty to establish these symptoms. However, older people are more likely than younger people to experience anxiety and memory loss as symptoms of depression (Pillai 1997). James lost contact with his family because they didnt want to know him due to his mental illness. There is a mounting evidence of discrimination experienced by people with mental health problems within their families and in the community (Dunn 1999). Beck et al (1998) defined health as that which includes dimensions of being, such as biological, social, spiritual and cultural. In this nursing intervention the nurse will be involved in the promotion of Jamess health and social well-being. Mathews (1996) emphasised that nurses need to follow a problem solving approach when intervening to the care of patients. The mental health nurse will use the nursing process to do a nursing intervention on Jamess care because Alan (1991) stated that the nursing process is a problem solving approach to care. The four stages of the nursing process will be followed step by step. The Maslows (1954) hierarchy of needs will be used to guide the nurse in the care planning. This hierarchy summarizes all human needs. Pillings (1991) mentioned that it is essential that peoples needs are satisfied regardless of whether they are ill or well. Abraham Maslow provides us with considerable information about human needs regardless of their well being. The rationale for using Maslows hierarchy of needs as an assessment tool is that Maslow expresses that physiological needs must be dealt with first otherwise the person will die. The nurse therefore felt that James lacked mostly the ability to satisfy his physiological needs more than his other needs. Without meeting his physiological needs, in this case poor hygiene and unhealthy eating, James would not be able to gain his self esteem. The priority needs therefore identified during the assessment process were poor hygiene, excessive alcohol intake, poor eating habits and suicidal thoughts. According to Roper et al (1983) a model is an artefact, which provides growing points for new ideas. Newton (1991) defined a model as a collection of mental images of what nursing should be like, which provides structure and direction to achieve its goal. The nursing model chosen for this intervention was the Roper, Logan and Tierneys (1983) Activities of Daily Living. This model was chosen as it uses a systematic approach and follows Maslow by looking at physiological needs first. The nurse decided to plan health promotion activities so as to improve and prevent any more deterioration to Jamess health. Kemn and Close (1995) maintained that health promotion is, among many definitions and approaches, defined as encompassing activities meant to prevent disease and illness, and improving the well-being of the community. Prior to the assessment, James was informed of the process. This was done in accordance with Newton (1991) who states that people should be given choice and autonomy and be able where possible to make their own decisions both trivial and important. The nurse worked through the four stages of assessment as required in the Roper, Logan and Tierney (1983) model. This was done by collecting information about James, reviewing the collected information, identifying Jamess problems then identifying priorities among the problems. Orems self care model (1985) could have also been ideal to use in Jamess assessment. This model emphasizes that individuals initiate and perform activities on their own behalf in maintaining life, health and well-being. As noted earlier, James needed a lot of prompting when it came to his self care therefore this model could be used to help James achieve the need of personal cleansing without much prompting. Brown (1995) stated that planning is the activity whereby nurses can decide on the necessary actions on the basis of the identified needs. When planning clients care nurses need to think of the aim, goal and objectives. An aim is a desired long-term outcome to be achieved in a specified time (Ewles and Simnett, 1999). In this case the aim was to help James understand the importance of eating appropriate food in relation to issues surrounding his weight. The other aim was to help him understand the importance of good hygiene in relation to his health and well being. Goals established in this case were to:- encourage James to adopt a healthy lifestyle by healthy eating. encourage James to prevent diseases by practicing good hygiene. According to Fawcett et al (1997), objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, and realistic and time framed. Kiger et al (1995) stated that an objective is what the teacher intends to achieve. In this case James will:- Eat only reasonable amounts of food during meal times. In order to have a healthy body and to avoid a risk of developing diabetes. Over weight in James situation is bad for his leg ulcer. Avoid unhealthy binging between meals. Bath himself daily. Change his socks daily. Put all dirty socks for laundry. Implementation is focused at the actual way the client carries out activities and the intention is to minimise disruptions, (Newton, 1991). James will be empowered with knowledge and confidence by providing him with one to one teaching and written information. Jamess named nurse would arrange some one to one sessions so as to encourage him to eat healthy. The nurse will also refer James to a dietician concerning issues about his weight. Educative leaflets on healthy eating will also be made available to James. Staffs who work with James will need to go for training on healthy eating. This would widen their knowledge leading to them supplementing biscuits for fruits so that James binges on fruits instead of biscuits. One to one sessions will be offered every time James fails to attend to his personal hygiene. During such sessions the nurse will attempt to work in a way not to force James to attend to his personal hygiene, but encourage him instead. The nurse will also seek to obtain J amess own views about issues surrounding his personal hygiene she will achieve this by asking open-ended instead of closed questions. Understanding his own views about the issue will help the nurse work around encouraging him more effectively. James expressed a felt need when he discussed his feelings of uselessness and having no faith in himself. The nurse then decided to draw up a care plan for James. Ewles and Simnett (1992) stated that the purpose of an action plan is to detail that who is going to do what and when. Newton (1991) mentioned that evaluation is directly linked with care planning and is best defined as simply determining the extent to which goals have been achieved. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO, 1981), evaluation refers to judgement based upon careful assessment and critical appraisal of given situations, which should reach sensible conclusions and useful proposals. It is therefore apparent that evaluation is an important issue in health promotion because it assists to judge the worthiness of an activity. According to Naidoo and Wills (1994), evaluation addresses participants perceptions and reaction to health promotion interventions and identifies the factors that support on impede the activities. They explain impact evaluation as referring to immediate effects whereas outcome evaluation refers more to long term consequences. In Jamess care plan, evaluating his health promotion activity would involve the following:- Checking his weight using a body mass index was to check if he is overweight and to refer him to the dietician. Checking if James has gained any understanding about the importance of good personal hygiene. Checking if he has adopted any healthy eating habits. Get feedback from James, other staff and dietician and accept suggestions. The nurse will ask herself how the process went and what could be done differently to improve the quality of care in her future practice. According to Rose and Kay (1995), the role of a mental health nurse is a multidimensional in nature which comprises of the assessment of needs, health surveillance, enhanced therapeutic skills, developing personal skills, management and leadership, enablement and empowerment and coordination of services. An intervention is said to be more effective if it encompasses aspects like choice, empowerment and client involvement together with the client centred approach. Valuing People (2001) would be seen to be supporting this statement by emphasising on person centred planning. Applying person centred planning would help James assert control over his life hence empowerment. Throughout this intervention, the nurse maintained a good rapport with James which reflected the process of empowerment. According to the (NMC, 2002), nurses have a duty to care. In this intervention, this was practiced when the nurse identified Jamess needs and used assessment tools and methods that are highly reliable and valid. For interventions to be successful, the smart system should be applied (Brown, 1997). Smart stands for specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and teachable. This was applied to Jamess case as the process clearly had specific aims and gaols. The nurse asked open-ended questions during the one to one sessions so as to help James feel comfortable and free to say out his own views. This could also be viewed as practising in accordance with Brown (1997) who states that putting the clients feelings, way of thinking and behaviour first helps makes teaching a success. The nurse did not attempt to clean Jamess room for him but just emphasised on encouraging him. By doing so, independence was being practiced. Brandon and Hawkes (1998) emphasised that independence can be achieved through empowerment and choice. The nurse also practiced partnership working by referring James to a dietician. It could be said that by so doing, the nurse was in recognition of her limitations. A great knowledge on the different aspects of care planning was gained. This included assessment which had proved to be a vital component of care planning. In the planning stage the nurse gained an understanding of how to address clients needs and take into consideration any necessary factors. These factors included the cognitive abilities of people with mental illness. The nurse felt that her communication skills for future practice had been enhanced as good interpersonal skills are vital for delivering holistic care. The nurse gained a more depth understanding of the role of the mental health nurse which includes empowering the clients and encouraging them to engage in activities carried out by the general population and not forgetting to take into consideration important issues like their disability. This essay has detailed the different aspects of care planning. It has also emphasised the imperative role the mental health nurse plays in the health of people with mental illness. This is echoed by the (NMC 2002), which states that nurses should act to identify and minimise the risk to clients. The whole activity has shown that in a nursing intervention there are a lot of other things to take into consideration. Its been apparent that its not only the nursing process that helps achieve goals but together with all the other principles which involve the role of the nurse, consent, empowerment and multi-agency working.

The Character of Esteban in The House of the Spirits :: House of the Spirits Essays

The Character of Esteban in The House of the Spirits Allende portrays Esteban as having a strong and harsh character in the novel, The House of the Spirits. Yet, after leaving, his mother and sister, and starting a new and independent life, Esteban changes much. For the first time he is successful and wealthy. He feels as if he has no problems, mainly because he does not have a family to weigh him down. Trueba's move to Three Marias seems to appease his hunger temporarily, before his monstrous, demanding, and ever growing needs overwhelms him. The type of lifestyle achieved by Esteban Trueba in Three Marias far surpassed that of living with his mother and sister, however only brief moments of satisfaction are incurred. These, previously mentioned, moments created a hunger for perfection and greed that would continue perpetuate at any cost. Receiving a letter from Ferula brings back memories for Esteban of his sad life with her and his mother, which forces him to endure his memories of poverty and pain. He even remembers the smell of medicince, which had encompassed their home. These memories force Esteban to reflect on the reasons why he left them. He reminisces on that portion of his life, occupied by the deterioration of his family. Ferula endured many burdens as well, due to their father's drinking, then his death, their mother's age, her chronic sicknesses, and Esteban's childho od care. A direct result of these chaotic years is the siblings inability to relate. When Esteban bought a luxury, an elaborate coffee with his money she scolded him for "spending Mama's medicine money on [his] private little whims" (Allende 43). Eventually Esteban tires of this oppressive way of life and goes to search for a "destiny that was bright, free, and full of promise" (Allende 44). At Tres Marias he hopes to find his Eden. All this cargo from his past is called to his attention by the letter he receives from Ferula. The letter does result in inflicting guilt on Esteban, for his lack of morals and complete selfishness. Ferula tells Esteban, in the letter, that their mother wants to see her son again before she dies. "Esteban had never really loved his mother or felt at ease in her presence," but he knew that resisting this visit to pay his last respects would be unethical (Allende 71).